Python's lambda function can be very powerful. When leveraged with other helpful functional programming toosl you can process data effectively with very little code. Unfortunately, the logic behind the lambda function isn't always intuitive. This quick tutorial should get you moving quickly with lambdas and iterations. Baby Steps
In order to understand advanced applications of lambda, it is best to start by showing a process in a simple loop. Here we are multiplying every number in x by 5 and adding that value the the list y
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = []
for v in x :
y += [v * 5]
assert x == [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
assert y == [10, 15, 20, 25, 30]
Simple enough right? Now lets try and recreate that process using a list comprehension.
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = [v * 5 for v in x]
Taking it a step further, we can do the same thing using the popular combination of lambda and map().
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = map(lambda v : v * 5, x)
Don't be afraid of map(), it takes in a function (our lamda function) and an iterable (x) and then returns another iterable. Now, take a step back to look at both the list comprehension and lambda/map() combination. You'll see that the difference between the two is just a simple rearrangement of statements and removal of "for" and "in".
[v * 5 for v in x] --> map(lambda for v: v * 5, in x) --> map(lambda v : v * 5, x)
A slightly more difficult example.
The for loop representation is straightforward; iterate over x, multiply the odd values by 5 and add them to the list y.
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = []
for v in x :
if v % 2 :
y += [v * 5]
assert x == [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
assert y == [15, 25]
list comprehension of the same process done in loop...
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = [v * 5 for v in x if v % 2]
Now we have included filter() along with map() and lambda in order to produce the same results as our loop and list comprehension.
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = map(lambda v : v * 5, filter(lambda u : u % 2, x))
filter() takes in a function(lambda) and iterable(x) and returns an iterable containing "filtered" values that passed through the function.
filter(function, iterable) --> [item for item in iterable if function(item)]
Again, lets compare to our list comprehension to see that our combination of map()/filter()/lambda is simpler than it looks!
[v * 5 for v in x if v % 2] #list comprehension
map(lambda for v: v * 5, for filter(lambda for v: if v % 2, in x)) #"pseudo" lambda and list comprehension
map(lambda v : v * 5, filter(lambda u : u % 2, x)) #lambda, just a 'rearrangement' of what we had before
Going all the way.
Going deeper, our loops iterate through x, iterate through y, and adds the sum of the values to z.
x = [2, 3, 4]
y = [4, 5]
z = []
for v in x :
for w in y :
z += [v + w]
assert x == [2, 3, 4]
assert y == [4, 5]
assert z == [2+4, 2+5, 3+4, 3+5, 4+4, 4+5]
assert z == [6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9]
Now with a list comprehension...
x = [2, 3, 4]
y = [4, 5]
z = [v + w for v in x for w in y]
And finally with lamdas....
x = [2, 3, 4]
y = [4, 5]
t = map(lambda v : map(lambda w : v + w, y), x)
assert t == [[6, 7], [7, 8], [8, 9]]
z = sum(t, [])
But wait! Now we are playing with two maps, lets take a closer look and see how our list comprehension was "rearranged" to create this lambda.
[v + w for v in x for w in y] #list comprehension
map(lambda for v: in map(lambda for w: v + w, in y), in x) #"pseudo" lambda
map(lambda v : map(lambda w : v + w, y), x) #lambda
now, you might have noticed that we do not end up with what we wanted. t is list of lists! A quick use of the sum() function and ta-da! We've got what we wanted.
assert t == [[6, 7], [7, 8], [8, 9]]
z = sum(t, [])
assert z == [2+4, 2+5, 3+4, 3+5, 4+4, 4+5]
assert z == [6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9]